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Trace analysis of off-flavor/odor compounds in water using liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with

Jian LU,Paul S. WILLS,P. CHRIS WILSON

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第3期   页码 477-481 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0820-z

摘要： A rapid, inexpensive and laboratory friendly method was developed for analysis of off-flavor/odor compounds in fresh and salt water using gas chromatography with chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Off-flavor/odor compounds included geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), 2-isobutyl-3-methyoxypyrazine (IBMP), and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP). Using this method, a single sample can be extracted within minutes using only 1 mL of organic solvent. The ion transitions for IPMP, IBMP, MIB, and geosmin were 153>121, 167>125, 152>95, and 165>109, respectively. The linearity of this method for analyzing MIB ranged from 4 to 200 ng·L , and from 0.8 to 200 ng·L for the other analytes. Method recoveries ranged from 97% to 111% and percent relative standard deviations ranged from 3% to 9%, indicating that the method is accurate, precise, and reliable.

关键词： off-flavor/odor compounds     liquid-liquid microextraction     gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry    

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Studies on the liquid-liquid interfacial mass transfer process using holographic interferometry

ZHAO Chaofan, ZHU Chunying, MA Youguang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第1期   页码 1-4 doi: 10.1007/s11705-008-0006-3

摘要： This paper aims at the interfacial phenomena of liquid-liquid mass transfer and its characteristic. By using the real-time holographic technique, the concentration distributions on the aqueous side were obtained according to holographic diagrams of mass transfer of ethanol through the interface of oil and water at different initial concentrations. Furthermore, the concentrations near the interface and the mass transfer coefficients were attained. A correlation of concentration near the interface to the concentration of the solute in the oil side was proposed. An approach of interfacial energy with solute concentration was established, and the calculated results are at good agreement with the experimental data. It is indicated that the liquid-liquid mass transfer process is approximately in accordance with two-film theory, the interfacial performance may be changed by the addition of the solute, and the interface of liquid-liquid is non-equilibrium thermodynamically during the mass transfer process.

关键词： liquid-liquid     different     real-time holographic     addition     transfer    

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A review of salting-out effect and sugaring-out effect: driving forces for novel liquid-liquid extraction

Chuhan Fu, Zhuoxi Li, Zengran Sun, Shaoqu Xie

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 854-871 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1980-3

摘要： Biofuels and bio-based chemicals are getting more and more attention because of their sustainable and renewable properties and wide industrial applications. However, the low concentrations of the targeted products in their fermentation broths, the complicated components of the broths and the high energy-intensive separation and purification process hinder the competitiveness of biofuels and biochemicals with the petro-based ones. Hence, the production and the separation of biofuels and bio-based chemicals in energy-saving, low-cost and greenness ways become hot topics nowadays. This review introduces the separation technologies (salting-out extraction, salting-out, sugaring-out extraction, and sugaring-out) that extract biobutanol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, organic acids and other bio-based chemicals from fermentation broths/aqueous solutions. Salting-out/sugaring-out extraction and salting-out/sugaring-out technologies display the high separating efficiency and the high targeted product yields. In addition, they are easy to operate and require low cost for separating products. Hence, they are the effective and potential technologies for separating targeted products in the wide industrial applications. The successful research into the salting-out/sugaring-out and salting-out/sugaring-out extraction not only affords biofuels and biochemical but also opens a door for the development of novel separation methods.

关键词： salting-out     sugaring-out     extraction     biofuels     biochemicals     application    

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Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum

MA Xiaoyan, CHEN Beibei, LI Qingsong, ZHANG Qiaoli, GU Guofen

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 286-291 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0048-7

摘要： Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.

关键词： summer     flocculation     simple     Shanghai     spectrum    

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Chemical probe systems for assessing liquid–liquid mixing efficiencies of reactors

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第10期   页码 1323-1335 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2275-7

摘要： Liquid–liquid mixing, including homogeneous and heterogeneous mixing, widely exists in the chemical industry. How to quantitatively characterize the mixing performance is important for reactor assessment and development. As a convenient and direct method for mixing characterization, the chemical probe method uses some special test reactions to characterize the mixing results. Here, the working principle and selection requirements of this method are introduced, and some common chemical probe systems for homogeneous and heterogeneous mixing processes are reviewed. The characteristics and applications of these systems are illustrated. Finally, the development of the new system is proposed.

关键词： mixing     chemical probe     liquid–liquid     heterogeneous    

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Microfluidic production of liposomes through liquid–liquid phase separation in ternary droplets

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 1017-1022 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2118-y

摘要： Liposomes, the self-assembled phospholipid vesicles, have been extensively used in various fields such as artificial cells, drug delivery systems, biosensors and cosmetics. However, current microfluidic routes to liposomes mostly rely on water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion droplets as templates, and require complex fabrication of microfluidic devices, and tedious manipulation of multiphase fluids. Here we present a simple microfluidic approach to preparing monodisperse liposomes from oil-in-water droplets. For demonstration, we used butyl acetate-water-ethanol ternary mixtures as inner phase and an aqueous solution of surfactants as outer phase to make oil-in-water droplets, which can evolve into water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion droplets by liquid–liquid phase separation of ternary mixtures. Subsequently, the resultant water-in-oil-in-water droplets underwent a dewetting transition to form separated monodisperse liposomes and residual oil droplets, with the assistance of surfactants. The method is simple, does not require complex microfluidic devices and tedious manipulation, and provides a new platform for controllable preparation of liposomes.

关键词： microfluidics     liposomes     ternary droplets     phase separation    

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Energy distribution between liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen temperatures in a Stirling/pulse tube refrigerator

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第4期   页码 516-526 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0844-6

摘要： A two-stage gas-coupled Stirling/pulse tube refrigerator (SPR), whose first and second stages respectively involve Stirling and pulse tube refrigeration cycles, is a very promising spaceborne refrigerator. The SPR has many advantages, such as a compact structure, high reliability, and high performance, and is expected to become an essential refrigerator for space applications. In research regarding gas-coupled regenerative refrigerator, the energy flow distribution between the two stages, and optimal phase difference between the pressure wave and volume flow, are two critical parameters that could widely influence refrigerator performance. The effects of displacer displacement on the pressure wave, phase difference, acoustic power distribution, and inter-stage cooling capacity shift of the SPR have been investigated experimentally. Notably, to obtain the maximum first-stage cooling capacity, an inflection point in displacement exists. When the displacer displacement is larger than the inflection point, the cooling capacity could be distributed between the first and second stages. In the present study, an SPR was designed and manufactured to work between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen temperatures, which can be used to cool small-scale zero boil-off systems and space detectors. Under appropriate displacer displacement, the SPR can reach a no-load cooling temperature of 15.4 K and obtain 2.6 W cooling capacity at 70 K plus 0.1 W cooling capacity at 20 K with 160 W compressor input electric power.

关键词： Stirling/pulse tube refrigerator     displacer displacement     space application     phase shift     energy distribution    

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Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 23-48 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y

摘要： Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries. The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation. Featuring inherent liquidity, metallicity, and biocompatibility, Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals (GBRTLMs) are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries. Herein, to illustrate the glamour of liquid components, high-temperature liquid metal batteries (HTLMBs) are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle, application, advantages, and drawbacks. Then, Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations, working mechanisms, and functions. Next, Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed, which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system. After that, Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells, generators, and supercapacitors (SCs) are interpreted, respectively. The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on. Finally, it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry, inherent reaction mechanism, and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coming future.

关键词： liquid metals     soft electrodes     flexible batteries     deformable energy supply devices     epidermal electronics    

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Advances and perspectives in catalysts for liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane

Hui LI, Yuanbin SHE, Tao WANG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第3期   页码 356-368 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-0903-3

摘要： The latest progress and developments in catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane are reviewed. Catalytic systems for the oxidation of cyclohexane including metal supported, metal oxides, molecular sieves, metal substituted polyoxometalates, photocatalysts, organocatalysts, Gif systems, metal-organic catalysts and metalloporphyrins are discussed with a particular emphasis on metalloporphyrin catalytic systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized and analyzed. Finally, the development trends in the oxidation technology of cyclohexane are examined.

关键词： cyclohexane     liquid-phase oxidation     catalysis    

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Residence time distribution and modeling of the liquid phase in an impinging stream reactor

Xingjun WANG, Xianhui HU, Lishun HU, Guangsuo YU, Fuchen WANG,

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第3期   页码 353-359 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0262-x

摘要： Based on some experimental investigations of liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) in an impinging stream reactor, a two-dimensional plug-flow dispersion model for predicting the liquid phase RTD in the reactor was proposed. The calculation results of the model can be in good agreement with the experimental RTD under different operating conditions. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient increases monotonously with the increasing liquid flux, but is almost independent of gas flux. As the liquid flux and the gas flux increase, the liquid dispersion coefficient of center-to-wall decreases. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient is much larger than that of center-to-wall, which indicates that the liquid RTD is dominated mainly by axial liquid dispersion in the impinging stream reactor.

关键词： RTD     liquid dispersion     reactor     liquid     independent    

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Lifecycle carbon footprint and cost assessment for coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture, storage

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第3期   页码 412-427 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0879-3

摘要： The coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, but its carbon footprint and cost assessment are still insufficient. In this paper, coal mining to oil production is taken as a life cycle to evaluate the carbon footprint and levelized costs of direct-coal-to-liquid and indirect-coal-to-liquid coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology under three scenarios: non capture, process capture, process and public capture throughout the life cycle. The results show that, first, the coupling carbon capture utilization and storage technology can reduce CO2 footprint by 28%–57% from 5.91 t CO2/t·oil of direct-coal-to-liquid and 24%–49% from 7.10 t CO2/t·oil of indirect-coal-to-liquid. Next, the levelized cost of direct-coal-to-liquid is 648–1027 $/t of oil, whereas that of indirect-coal-to-liquid is 653–1065 $/t of oil. When coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology, the levelized cost of direct-coal-to-liquid is 285–1364 $/t of oil, compared to 1101–9793 $/t of oil for indirect-coal-to-liquid. Finally, sensitivity analysis shows that CO2 transportation distance has the greatest impact on carbon footprint, while coal price and initial investment cost significantly affect the levelized cost of coal-to-liquid.

关键词： coal-to-liquid     carbon capture     utilization and storage (CCUS)     carbon footprint     levelized cost of liquid     lifecycle assessment    

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Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels

Jianchun JIANG,Junming XU,Zhanqian SONG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第2卷 第1期   页码 13-27 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015050

摘要： Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleum-based fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass, including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.

关键词： lignocellulosic biomass     thermochemical     liquid fuels     upgrading     biofuels    

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Emerging roles of liquid metals in carbon neutrality

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第3期   页码 393-396 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0829-5

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A multiscale material model for heterogeneous liquid droplets in solid soft composites

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 1292-1299 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0771-3

摘要： Liquid droplets in solid soft composites have been attracting increasing attention in biological applications. In contrary with conventional composites, which are made of solid elastic inclusions, available material models for composites including liquid droplets are for highly idealized configurations and do not include all material real parameters. They are also all deterministic and do not address the uncertainties arising from droplet radius, volume fraction, dispersion and agglomeration. This research revisits the available models for liquid droplets in solid soft composites and presents a multiscale computational material model to determine their elastic moduli, considering nearly all relevant uncertainties and heterogeneities at different length scales. The effects of surface tension at droplets interface, their volume fraction, size, size polydispersity and agglomeration on elastic modulus, are considered. Different micromechanical material models are incorporated into the presented computational framework. The results clearly indicate both softening and stiffening effects of liquid droplets and show that the model can precisely predict the effective properties of liquid droplets in solid soft composites.

关键词： liquid in solid     soft composite     computational modeling     multiscale model     heterogeneity    

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Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application

Xi ZHAO, Shuo XU, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第4期   页码 535-567 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0463-9

摘要： Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal (RTLM) mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measurement methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fundamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven self-actuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.

关键词： surface tension     liquid metal     soft machine     printed electronics     electrowetting     self-actuation    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Trace analysis of off-flavor/odor compounds in water using liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with

Jian LU,Paul S. WILLS,P. CHRIS WILSON

期刊论文

Studies on the liquid-liquid interfacial mass transfer process using holographic interferometry

ZHAO Chaofan, ZHU Chunying, MA Youguang

期刊论文

A review of salting-out effect and sugaring-out effect: driving forces for novel liquid-liquid extraction

Chuhan Fu, Zhuoxi Li, Zengran Sun, Shaoqu Xie

期刊论文

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum

MA Xiaoyan, CHEN Beibei, LI Qingsong, ZHANG Qiaoli, GU Guofen

期刊论文

Chemical probe systems for assessing liquid–liquid mixing efficiencies of reactors

期刊论文

Microfluidic production of liposomes through liquid–liquid phase separation in ternary droplets

期刊论文

Energy distribution between liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen temperatures in a Stirling/pulse tube refrigerator

期刊论文

Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries

期刊论文

Advances and perspectives in catalysts for liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane

Hui LI, Yuanbin SHE, Tao WANG

期刊论文

Residence time distribution and modeling of the liquid phase in an impinging stream reactor

Xingjun WANG, Xianhui HU, Lishun HU, Guangsuo YU, Fuchen WANG,

期刊论文

Lifecycle carbon footprint and cost assessment for coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture, storage

期刊论文

Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels

Jianchun JIANG,Junming XU,Zhanqian SONG

期刊论文

Emerging roles of liquid metals in carbon neutrality

期刊论文

A multiscale material model for heterogeneous liquid droplets in solid soft composites

期刊论文

Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application

Xi ZHAO, Shuo XU, Jing LIU

期刊论文